Malachite is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂) known for its rich green color and distinctive banded patterns. It forms through the oxidation of copper deposits and often occurs alongside azurite, chrysocolla, and other copper minerals. Malachite has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4, making it relatively soft and best suited for carvings, cabochons, and decorative objects rather than high-impact jewelry. Major sources include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Russia, Australia, and the United States.